ArticleNPJ vaccines2026
Rural-urban differences in oral typhoid vaccine responses in Uganda: contribution of Schistosoma mansoni.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Vaccine immunogenicity varies across populations, yet drivers remain unclear. We compared systemic (plasma) and mucosal (coprological) antibody responses to the oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a, quantified by ELISA, among Ugandan adolescents from urban and Schistosoma mansoni-endemic rural settings. Urban participants elicited higher responses. Causal mediation analysis indicated that S. mansoni partly accounted for reduced mucosal, but not systemic, responses in rural participants, highlighting implications for oral vaccine effectiveness in endemic settings.
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