ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2026
Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires' disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023.
Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of Climate Change on Legionnaire's Disease: A Systematic Review.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Pooled it
- Comorbidity Burden and Radiological Features Associated withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Letter to the editor: Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires' disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Evolution and main causes of the rising legionellosis incidence in the United States.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCommunity-acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD) has increased globally, including Europe. Climatic exposures may contribute to this rise, yet evidence from high-incidence countries, such as Italy, is limited.AIMWe aimed to assess LD seasonality at the national level and the effects of temperature, relative humidity and precipitation on LD incidence at the municipality level.METHODSWe analysed data on notified community-acquired LD cases and national climatic data from 2005 to 2023. Seasonality was assessed (peak-to-trough ratio (PTR)). A case time-series design with distributed lag nonlinear models was applied to estimate 1-10 week lagged effects of climatic exposures on LD incidence at the municipality level, as incidence rate ratios (IRRs).RESULTSOf the 28,662 notified LD cases, 27,458 (95.8%) were included. A clear seasonality was observed in the incidence, with a trough in early spring and a peak in autumn (PTR = 3.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.45-5.34). Higher temperature and relative humidity had the strongest effects 10-9 weeks before disease onset (for 5°C increase above 15°C: IRR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.33-1.58 and for 5% increase above 60%: IRR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12-1.26). Precipitation showed more immediate effects, particularly with a 1-week lag (for 5 mm increase above 10 mm: IRR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.06-1.09). Findings were consistent among individuals aged ≥ 60 years.CONCLUSIONA clear seasonal pattern was seen in the LD incidence, peaking in summer and autumn. Temperature and humidity increased LD risk over longer lags, while precipitation had shorter-term effects, suggesting climatic exposures influence environmental proliferation and immediate transmission of
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