Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42140195›Full record

ArticleCell reports. Medicine2026

Artificial exosomes synergistically reshape sepsis immune homeostasis by modulating neutrophil fate and blocking PD-1/PD-L1.

Pengcheng Zhang, Yahui Gao, Yaxin Wang, Xin Li, Yi Jiang, Yigang Xu, Keliang Xie, Yixuan Ma, Sheng Wang, Hui Zheng and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Pengcheng ZhangDepartment of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100070, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer. Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Medicine of the First affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, China.
Yahui GaoState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
Yaxin WangDepartment of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100070, China.
Xin LiState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
Yi JiangDepartment of Anesthesiology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
Yigang XuState Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer. Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
Keliang XieDepartment of Anesthesiology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
Yixuan MaState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
Sheng WangDepartment of Anesthesiology and Medicine of the First affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, China.
Hui ZhengDepartment of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100070, China. Electronic address: zhenghui@cicams.ac.cn.
Wen LiState Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer. Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China. Electronic address: liwen@bme.pumc.edu.cn.
Xu JinDepartment of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100070, China. Electronic address: jxsys2020@cicams.ac.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A critical challenge in sepsis treatment lies in its complex immune microenvironment, characterized by concurrent hyperinflammation and immunosuppression. This imbalance is jointly driven by dysregulated neutrophil programmed death and abnormal activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Therefore, precisely modulating neutrophil fate and blocking this immune checkpoint are highly promising therapeutic strategies. We engineered an artificial exosome nano-decoy (AT@NV-PD1) that homes to senescent-like neutrophils. It comprises a pH-responsive bovine serum albumin core carrying AT7519, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, cloaked with macrophage membrane presenting PD-1. After intravenous delivery, PD-1 selectively binds PD-L1 on target neutrophils. In the mildly acidic microenvironment, AT7519 release triggers timely neutrophil apoptosis, curbing excessive inflammation. Concurrently, the nano-decoy neutralizes bacterial toxins and inflammatory cytokines. By engaging PD-L1, AT@NV-PD1 also alleviates T cell exhaustion, reduces immunosuppression, and promotes immune homeostasis. In conclusion, AT@NV-PD1 represents a sepsis therapy by precisely regulating neutrophil fate and rebuilding immune balance.

Indexed as

B7-H1 AntigenExosomesHomeostasisNeutrophilsProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorSepsisAnimalsApoptosisHumansMiceT-Cell ExhaustionB7-H1 AntigenProgrammed Cell Death 1 Receptorapoptosisimmune homeostasisneutrophilssepsisT-cell exhaustion

Identifiers

PMID42140195
PMCPMC13293963

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.