ArticleGenetics and molecular biology2026
Fluoride and the brain: A systematic review of neurotoxicity and developmental risks.
Article in Genetics and molecular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fluoride is a naturally occurring element found in soil, rocks, and groundwater, and its controlled use in drinking water is a well-established public health measure to prevent dental caries. However, growing evidence indicates that excessive fluoride exposure, particularly during critical periods of neurodevelopment, may exert neurotoxic effects. This systematic review evaluates current evidence on fluoride-induced neurotoxicity from in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies. The findings reveal that fluoride exposure can induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and impaired autophagy, leading to neuronal damage, synaptic deficits, and cognitive impairments. Protective mechanisms involving sirtuin proteins (SIRT1 and SIRT3) have been identified as potential modulators of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity. These results underscore the importance of monitoring fluoride exposure levels, particularly during early brain development, and lay the groundwork for future research on underlying mechanisms and preventive strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.