SynthesisInternational journal of clinical oncology2026
From tumor microenvironment orchestrators to actionable targets: a systematic review of TAM-targeted therapies in triple-negative breast cancer.
Synthesis in International journal of clinical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, with limited treatment options. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as key immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, exacerbate the malignancy of TNBC by promoting angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance.
methodWe systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to collect clinical trials targeting TAMs for the treatment of TNBC. Data from completed and ongoing studies were extracted and analyzed, focusing on strategies that inhibit macrophage recruitment, clearance, and reprogramming, as well as their combination with standard therapies.
resultsTAMs in TNBC predominantly exhibit an M2-like pro-tumor phenotype, originating from circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, and drive progression through multiple pathways. Clinical trials indicate preliminary efficacy for strategies including CSF-1/CSF-1R inhibitors, bisphosphonates, and reprogramming agents-particularly when combined with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors-though response rates vary, and optimal regimens remain under investigation.
conclusionTAMs represent a promising therapeutic target in TNBC. Emerging clinical evidence supports the potential of targeted therapies against them, though further optimization of patient selection and combination strategies is required. This review provides a systematic foundation for advancing treatments targeting TAMs. We confirm that the scientific content remains unchanged.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42138756What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.