Anatomically Accurate 3D-Printed Thoracic Model With Artificial Skin for Chest Drainage Training.

Simulation-based training is an essential component of modern medical education, particularly for invasive procedures such as chest tube insertion and thoracentesis, where incorrect technique may lead to serious complications. The aim of this technical report is to describe the development and implementation of an anatomically accurate thoracic training model created using computed tomography (CT) data, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and silicone molding technologies. CT data from an anonymized institutional imaging database were segmented to create a three-dimensional model of the rib cage, which was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polylactic acid (PLA). The printed model included a right hemithorax with an integrated base structure allowing the placement of soft-tissue simulation layers and a fluid simulation system. Artificial skin was fabricated from two-component silicone with a thickness of 1-2 mm, and a 10 mm porous sponge layer was used to simulate subcutaneous tissue. The model also included a fluid-filled double-wall balloon maintained under pressure (1.1-1.2 atm) to simulate pleural fluid aspiration and flashback during needle puncture. The model was designed for in-house manufacturing, allowing rapid production, low cost, and adaptability for different training scenarios. The manufacturing time for the 3D-printed thoracic structure was between 2 and 4 hours, while the artificial skin required up to 24 hours for curing. The total material cost per model ranged between 5 and 8 EUR. The model was reusable and allowed multiple chest tube insertions in different intercostal spaces. The model was implemented in simulation-based training sessions involving 50 medical students from the second to fourth year of study. Students worked in small groups and performed the full procedure, including identification of anatomical landmarks, skin incision, blunt dissection, chest tube insertion, and surgical fixation. The educational value of the model was evaluated using a questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale. Student evaluation demonstrated a high level of satisfaction, with an overall mean score of 4.61 ± 0.50, indicating high perceived realism, usefulness, and educational value. The presented model provides a low-cost, anatomically accurate, and reusable training platform that allows simulation of multiple thoracic procedures using a single model. The possibility for in-house manufacturing allows rapid prototyping, customization, and repeated use, making the model suitable for undergraduate medical education, procedural skills training, and simulation-based learning environments.