ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Does a second course of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhance neuroplasticity and motor function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy? Results of a prospective study.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Electrotherapy in Pediatric Rehabilitation: A Structured Narrative Review of Clinical Applications, Treatment Parameters, Safety, and Evidence Gaps.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
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Abstract
Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as a promising neuromodulation technique for enhancing motor recovery in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. However, long-term effects of repeated rTMS courses remain unclear, as existing studies have focused primarily on short-term outcomes following a single treatment course, with limited data on whether benefits decline, persist, or can be restored by a second course. Objective: To investigate the immediate and sustained neurophysiological and functional effects of two courses of low-frequency rTMS applied to the contralesional motor cortex in children with hemiplegic CP. Methods: Fifteen children (mean age 9.5 ± 2.8 years; GMFCS I-II, MACS I-II) received two courses of 1 Hz rTMS separated by 3 months. Each course consisted of 10 daily sessions at 90% resting motor threshold, targeting the contralesional motor cortex. Assessments at six time points included neurophysiological parameters (motor threshold MT; motor evoked potentials (MEP) latency and amplitude; cortical silent period, CSP) and functional tests (Finger Tapping, FT; Box and Blocks, BB; Melbourne Assessment, MA; Timed Up and Go, TUG; 1-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, BBS). Results: Following the first rTMS course, MT decreased by 32% (upper limb) and 29% (lower limb); MEP latency shortened by 12 and 9%, respectively; MEP amplitude increased by 17 and 18%; and CSP decreased by 31 and 34% (all Conclusion: Repeated courses of low-frequency rTMS were associated with reproducible within-subject improvement in neurophysiological and functional measures in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. These effects appeared to partially decline over 3 months, and a second course was associated with restoration of treatment benefits without generating further major cumulative gains.
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