ArticleEcology and evolution2026
Evolutionary Origin of Prolonged Delayed Fertilization in the Fagaceae.
Article in Ecology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Evolutionary Origin of Prolonged Delayed Fertilization in the Fagaceae.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
The temporal organization of flowering, fertilization, and fruiting is a fundamental axis of life-history evolution in angiosperms. While most species complete fruit development within a single growing season ("1-year fruiting"), many Fagaceae species delay fertilization and fruit maturation until the year following flowering ("2-year fruiting"). Despite its ecological prevalence, the evolutionary origins of this strategy and its coordination with other functional traits remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary origins of the 2-year fruiting strategy by reconstructing ancestral states on a phylogeny comprising 88 species that represent all eight genera of Fagaceae. Given the observed association of 2-year fruiting with animal-pollinated genera and the potential for leaf habit to constrain reproductive timing, both pollination mode and leaf habit may influence the evolution of 2-year fruiting. To test these possibilities, we further employed phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether the fruiting trait is evolutionarily constrained by pollination mode (animal versus wind-pollinated) or leaf habit (evergreen versus deciduous). Our results support a single origin of 2-year fruiting in the common ancestor of the major clade excluding
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