ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Probenecid is a dual-acting antiviral/anti-inflammatory therapy for diverse respiratory viruses.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Probenecid is a host-directed drug that inhibits virus replication. Studies exploring how probenecid affects viral replication have demonstrated that it inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which are important for the virus's replication and inflammation, and disrupt the formation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription complex, which regulates gene expression and inflammation. The modulation of MAPK signaling and suppression of the inflammasome response yields a dual anti-inflammatory and antiviral effect. The anti-inflammatory effects of probenecid, achieved through modulation of MAPK signaling and suppression of inflammasome activation, can decrease viral replication and reduces an excessive immune response. This dual mechanism could be advantageous for treating viruses where hyperinflammation plays a significant role in severe disease symptoms. This review suggests that probenecid's anti-inflammatory activity, mediated by inhibition of MAPK pathways, suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reduction of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), may help manage viral infections by limiting immune-mediated tissue damage and enhancing clinical outcomes, in addition to its antiviral effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.