A quantitative framework for stroke difficulty in table tennis beginners: multidimensional analysis and implications for training.

Introduction: This study systematically investigates the key factors influencing the difficulty of table tennis stroke tasks for beginners, aiming to establish a quantitative framework to inform evidence-based training design. Methods: Ten right-handed novice participants (mean age 21.6 ± 1.35 years) with no prior professional training completed 15 distinct ball-return tasks, each involving 20 trials. The independent variables were ball speed, frequency, height, and landing point, while the dependent variable was hitting performance. Task difficulty was quantified using a standardized difficulty coefficient formula, Results: Ball speed had the most profound impact on task difficulty, with performance declining sharply at 11.5 m/s (difficulty coefficient = 0.85). Increased ball frequency and spatial variability in landing points also significantly elevated difficulty. Ball height exhibited a threshold effect, where difficulty remained low within 7-44 cm but increased drastically at 170 cm. Regression analyses confirmed significant linear relationships between these parameters and the difficulty coefficient. Conclusion: The findings provide a quantitative reference for the functional task difficulty faced by beginners and offer empirical support for developing structured, evidence-based table tennis training programs. The proposed difficulty coefficient serves as a practical metric for task calibration. Future research should incorporate ball spin to enhance ecological validity.