ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
A new era of natural killer cell immunotherapy in tumor treatment: latest advances and cutting-edge perspectives from basic research to clinical practice.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy resistance of esophageal carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As early as 1863, Virchow observed that cancer often arises at sites of chronic inflammation. Modern epidemiological and clinical studies have confirmed the link between inflammation and cancer. Natural Killer (NK) cells actively participate in and regulate inflammatory processes; however, they are not strictly classified as classic 'inflammatory cells' in cellular taxonomy. NK cells rapidly identify and eliminate malignantly transformed cells in a non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner, a characteristic that distinguishes them from other immune cells. Furthermore, their use in allogeneic settings carries a very low risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), making them ideal candidates for developing 'off-the-shelf' cellular immunotherapies. Although early clinical attempts using unmodified NK cells showed limited efficacy, the past decade has witnessed rapid advancements in genetic engineering, cell expansion and differentiation, and synthetic biology, propelling NK cell therapy into a new era of development. This article aims to provide a systematic and multi-dimensional review of the latest research progress in NK cell therapy. We begin by revisiting the core biological basis of NK cell anti-tumor activity, focusing on design strategies, clinical breakthroughs, and bottlenecks of Chimeric Antigen Receptor NK (CAR-NK) cell therapy in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. We delve into antibody-based NK cell recruitment strategies (such as BiKEs/TriKEs) and techniques to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and analyze cytokine-induced memory-like NK (CIML-NK) cells as a non-gene editing enhancement strategy. Simultaneously, we focus on the core challenges currently faced by NK cell therapies, particularly in solid tumors, including poor tumor infiltration, potent suppression by the tumor microenvironment (TME), and limited
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.