ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2026
Phenotyping Preeclampsia Using Unsupervised Machine Learning: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Unsupervised Machine Learning for the Identification of Latent First-Trimester Obstetric Phenotypes Associated with Maternal and Perinatal Morbidity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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19 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo explore clinically meaningful phenotypes of preeclampsia using unsupervised machine learning.
designProspective cohort study.
settingBCNatal, a tertiary maternal-foetal medicine centre (Barcelona, Spain). POPULATION: A total of 482 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia between August 2013 and April 2024.
methodsMaternal demographic, clinical, ultrasound and laboratory data were prospectively collected, together with delivery details and maternal and neonatal complications. We generated a patient representation using maternal age, height, weight, body-mass index, blood pressure, angiogenic factors, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, gestational age at birth and birthweight centile. Dimensionality reduction was performed using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, followed by k-means clustering to identify phenotypes.
main outcome measuresMaternal and neonatal characteristics and complication rates were compared across clusters to evaluate the clinical significance of the data-driven phenotypes.
resultsThree phenotypes were identified. Cluster A (n = 223; 46.2%) showed earlier delivery (mean 33.1 ± SD 3.3 weeks), marked angiogenic imbalance, prevalent foetal growth restriction (64%) and the highest rates of maternal (23%) and neonatal (41%) complications. Cluster B (n = 147; 30.5%) had later delivery (37.0 ± 2.1 weeks), moderate angiogenic imbalance and intermediate birthweight centiles (15.5 ± 9.7). Cluster C (n = 112; 23.2%) comprised mostly term cases (38.2 ± 1.5 weeks) with the lowest angiogenic imbalance and the highest birthweight centile (67.9 ± 27.3); obesity (31%) and diabetes (15%) were most prevalent and maternal (4%) and neonatal (9%) complications were least frequent.
conclusionsUnsupervised learning delineated three preeclampsia phenotypes. These phenotypes could support the need for future risk stratification and more personalised management; prospective external validation is warranted.
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