Hybrid RF FSO communication for 6G improving secrecy and performance under composite weibull lognormal fading and turbulence.

Keshav Kaushik, Deepak Upadhyay, Nookala Venu, Sreekanth Rallapalli, Gunjan Chhabra

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Keshav KaushikCenter for Cyber Security and Cryptology, Sharda School of Computing Science & Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. keshav.kaushik@sharda.ac.in.

Deepak UpadhyayDept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India.

Nookala VenuCentre for Internet of Things, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Deemed University, Gwalior, India.

Sreekanth RallapalliDepartment of MCA, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Nitte Deemed to be University Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.

Gunjan ChhabraSchool of Science and Technology, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper proposes a radio frequency (RF)/free space optics (FSO) communications hybrid system that will improve security and reliability of future sixth generation (6G) wireless communication network links with practical channel conditions. The system uses the composite Weibull-Lognormal (WLN) turbulence model for modeling the free-space-optics (FSO) link and incorporates the effects of both local fade events and global weather phenomena; it also uses Nakagami-m/Rayleigh fading to model the RF link. A hybrid link selection algorithm (HLA) is used to select the best available transmission link as a function of real-time channel characteristics. The performance of the proposed hybrid system is analyzed from three perspectives: secrecy capacity, bit-error-rate (BER), and outage probability under different fading/turbulence conditions through an exhaustive Monte-Carlo simulation process and supported by analytical results. These analyses show that this hybrid system has significant advantages over single-link systems employing either RF or FSO alone; these advantages include reduced outage probability, improved BER performance, and higher secrecy capacity especially when operating under high-turbulence conditions. These results show that a composite-fading architecture provides a reliable and secure framework for the development of fifth-generation (5G)-like communication systems which can be used in future sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication networks.

Indexed as

6G networksBER analysisCorrelation mapHybrid MRCHybrid RF/FSO communicationLink selectionMonte Carlo simulationOptical wireless communicationOutage probabilityPerformance evaluationPointing errorSecrecy capacitySignal distortionTurbulence modelingWeibull-Lognormal fading

Identifiers

PMID42135414

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-52796-x

PMCPMC13369911

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