ArticleBMJ open2026
Who gets to deliver in a health facility? An investigation of wealth-based inequities in institutional delivery in Ghana.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesInstitutional delivery under skilled care is essential for reducing maternal mortality. Ghana has expanded maternal health services through policies such as the National Health Insurance Scheme and the free maternal healthcare policy. Inequalities in access to facility-based delivery, however, remain across socioeconomic groups. This study examined wealth-based inequities in institutional delivery and identified maternal and socioeconomic factors associated with facility delivery in Ghana.
designA cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data.
settingGhana.
participantsData were drawn from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis included 5855 women aged 15-49 years who had at least one live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey.
methodsDescriptive statistics were used to summarise participant characteristics, and weighted logistic regression models were applied to identify factors associated with institutional delivery.
results84.3% of women delivered in a health facility. Wealth showed a strong gradient effect. Women in the richest wealth quintile had significantly higher odds of institutional delivery compared with those in the poorest quintile (odds ratio (OR) 2.71, p<0.001). Higher education, increased antenatal care visits and health insurance coverage were also associated with higher odds of facility delivery. Rural residence was associated with lower odds of institutional delivery (OR 0.52, p<0.001).
conclusionSocioeconomic and geographic disparities in institutional delivery remain evident in Ghana. Wealth, education, antenatal care attendance and health insurance coverage influence access to facility-based childbirth. Targeted interventions are needed to improve equitable access to skilled delivery services.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.