ArticleEnvironment international2026
Prenatal and postnatal household air pollution and longitudinal growth trajectories: results from long-term follow up of the GRAPHS cohort.
Article in Environment international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThere is limited evidence on the long-term effects of household air pollution (HAP) exposure during critical developmental windows and longitudinal growth trajectories in childhood.
methodsWe leveraged a longitudinal pregnancy cohort from rural communities in central Ghana with repeated personal monitoring of prenatal and postnatal carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulates (PM
resultsPrenatal CO had the most consistent association with growth. Higher prenatal CO was associated with lower HAZ from age 1 through 9 with peak effect at age 4: adjusted β = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.12, -0.03; p = 0.002 per doubling), and WAZ from 7 through age 9 (peak effect was at age 9: adjusted β = -0.05; 95% CI = -0.09, -0.003; p = 0.04 per doubling). Results were similar for the ordered categories of HAZ and WAZ. Sex did not modify these associations.
conclusionsHigher HAP exposure, as indexed by prenatal CO during critical developmental windows may contribute substantially to long-term poor linear growth throughout childhood.
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