ArticlePLoS computational biology2026
VesiclePy: A machine learning vesicle analysis toolbox for volume electron microscopy.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vesicles are critical components of neurons that package neurotransmitters and neuropeptides for their release, in order to communicate with other neurons and cells. However, due to their small size, the reconstruction of the full vesicle endowment across an entire neuronal morphology remains challenging. To achieve this, we have used, as a tool to identify and visualize vesicles, Volume Electron Microscopy (vEM), a method that has the nanoscale resolution to detect individual vesicle boundaries, content, and 3D locations. However, the large volume of vEM datasets poses a challenge in the segmentation, classification, and spatial analysis of tens of thousands of vesicles and their target cell in 3D. Here we report the development of VesiclePy, an integrated pipeline for automated segmentation, classification, proofreading, and spatial analysis of vesicles, relative to neuron masks in large-volume electron microscopy data. Our package integrates the efficiency of deep learning and the accuracy of human proofreading and provides a streamlined package in chunked processing and accurate indexing, localization, and visualization of single vesicle resolution in large vEM data. We demonstrate the viability of VesiclePy using high-pressure frozen serial EM data of Hydra vulgaris and quantify the performance of the package using ground truth manual annotations. We show that VesiclePy can process a multiterabyte serial EM dataset, efficiently annotate 53,851 vesicles from 20 complete neurons, and classify vesicles into 5 types. Each vesicle has a unique ID and 3D location for further spatial analysis in relation to neuron or non-neuronal targets nearby. Finally, by combining vesicle data and morphological information of each neuron, we can quantitatively cluster neurons into subtypes. VesiclePy is available at https://github.com/PytorchConnectomics/VesiclePy under an MIT license.
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