Optimizing breast cancer treatment strategies through fractional-order dynamics: A computational modeling approach.

Breast cancer treatment optimization is hindered by heterogeneity, resistance development, and differences among individuals. Most of the existing traditional mathematical models generally do not consider memory effects in biological systems. This may somewhat limit their predictive capability. Therefore, this study develops a fractional-order computational framework to capture tumor dynamics, immune responses, resistance mechanisms, and effects of thermal therapy regarding memory effects concerning their significance to treatment predictions. We considered the values of fractional order parameter ([Formula: see text]) which varied from 0.75 to 1.0 across five treatment protocols, and the analysis also included four patient populations. Efficacy was highest (32.26) with Continuous protocols at [Formula: see text] = 0.75. Specifically-optimized, patient-specific input yielded context-dependent patterns: Younger patients realized the maximum benefit (32.38) with Continuous therapy at [Formula: see text] = 0.80, while compromised patients had an optimum response (32.36) to Adaptive treatment performed at [Formula: see text] = 0.75. For older patients, the better result (31.82) was achieved using Continuous protocols at [Formula: see text] = 0.93. Parameter sensitivity analyses show that immune cytotoxic killing rate is the most effective parameter. In addition, treatment resistance parameters are among the five most sensitive. While aggregate differences between fractional-order and integer-order models remain small, context-specific improvements witnessed in certain patient-protocol combinations were as much as 3.68%. Fractional-order modeling thus creates a framework for investigating memory effects in cancer treatment, while actual clinical validation must establish whether such theoretical improvements indeed create a discernible increase in predictive accuracy in practice.