Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42133056›Full record

Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on performance and markers of kidney and gastrointestinal injury during repeated sprints in the heat.

Jonathan W Specht, Marissa Ramirez, Jennifer Raef, Mackenzie Schwartz, Alyssa R Bailly, Oscar Chavez, Ozan Kumbasar, Jade X Dawson, Jessica Apodaca, Raul Freire and 4 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Jonathan W SpechtDepartment of Kinesiology and Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, WRC 139, Cedar Falls, IA, 50613, USA. jonathan.specht@uni.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-3443-1368
Marissa RamirezDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Jennifer RaefDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Mackenzie SchwartzDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Alyssa R BaillyDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1800-3969
Oscar ChavezDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Ozan KumbasarDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Jade X DawsonDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Jessica ApodacaDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Raul FreireCollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Whitley C AtkinsDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Flávio de Castro MagalhãesDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-982X
Jason SieglerCollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1346-4982
Fabiano T AmorimDepartment of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-4484

Funding

CHS Heat and Health Pilot CHS Heat and Health Pilot
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeWe tested the hypotheses that sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation improves performance, reduces markers of acute kidney injury (AKI) risk, and increases markers of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) during repeated sprints in the heat.

methodsUsing a double-blind design, 10 recreationally endurance-trained participants ingested 0.2 g/kg of body weight of SB or placebo before cycling in the heat (dry-bulb: 40 °C, relative humidity: 20%). Exercise bouts included a 22-min warm-up, then 4-sets of 5 × 6-sec maximal-effort standing cycling sprints. Core temperature (Tc) was measured at baseline, end of warm-up, after set two of sprints, and post-exercise bouts. Urine and plasma collected pre-ingestion and pre-, post-, and 1-h post-exercise were analyzed for markers of AKI risk, AGI, and endotoxemia.

resultsSB increased peak (average difference between conditions: 21 ± 11 W, condition effect: p = 0.02) and average (p = 0.03) power across the sprints. Tc increased from pre- to post-exercise (placebo: Δ1.3 ± 0.3 °C, SB: Δ1.4 ± 0.4 °C, time effect: p < 0.001), but there were no effects of condition or interaction. Exercise increased the primary marker of AKI (urinary IGFBP7×TIMP-2, time effect: p = 0.005) but not urinary NGAL. There were no condition or interaction effects for either AKI marker. Plasma I-FABP, a marker of AGI, increased post-exercise bouts (placebo: Δ291 ± 550 pg/mL, SB: Δ397 ± 482 pg/mL, p = 0.03), with no condition or interaction effects. There were no significant effects for markers of endotoxemia (LBP, sCD14).

conclusionsSB supplementation improves repeat sprint performance in the heat without altering Tc, markers of AKI risk, or markers of AGI.

Indexed as

Acute Kidney InjuryHot TemperatureSodium BicarbonateAdultBiomarkersDietary SupplementsDouble-Blind MethodHumansMaleYoung AdultBiomarkersSodium BicarbonateEndotoxemiaErgogenic aidsIntervalsRepeat sprint ability

Identifiers

PMID42133056
PMCPMC13451390

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.