ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Normoxic brain endurance training is associated with cognitive and oculomotor performance during acute hypoxia.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeAcute hypoxia can impair processing speed and visual search. In this exploratory non-randomised controlled study, we examined whether normoxic brain endurance training (BET) is associated with cognitive and oculomotor performance during acute hypoxic exposure.
methodsThirteen adults (7 females) completed a 6-week BET programme, while 23 separately recruited control participants (10 females) did not. Both groups were tested under normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO
resultsCompared with controls, BET was associated with faster PVT reaction time (p < 0.05, d = - 0.84) and faster VST target and non-target reaction times (both p < 0.001; d = - 2.45 and - 1.70), while maintaining accuracy; VST target accuracy was higher (p < 0.05, d = 0.89). SST outcomes showed no group differences (all p > 0.05). Pupil diameter increased from baseline to post-fatigue (p < 0.05, d = 0.81) with no clear group difference. Saccade duration showed a Group×Time interaction (p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.29), with a larger post-fatigue reduction in the BET group; sensitivity analyses showed consistent directions.
conclusionNormoxic BET was associated with faster processing speed and altered oculomotor behaviour under acute hypoxia, while inhibitory control was unaffected. Findings are exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously given the non-randomised and imbalanced design. CLINICAL
trial registrationThis study was not prospectively registered.
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