ArticleEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2026
Implantation choices, fusion preferences and implant removal after fixation in C1-C2 fractures: An AO Spine Knowledge Forum expert survey.
Article in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThe management of upper cervical spine (UCS) fractures is unclear concerning the role of fusion versus non-fusion fixation and the need for implant removal following fracture healing. This international AO Spine expert survey (Level IV study) evaluated the current trends, and practice preferences among experienced surgeons in the management of UCS fractures.
methodsA structured questionnaire was answered by AO Spine Knowledge Forum Trauma and Infection (KF T&I) members (n = 24). The survey collected data regarding demographics, classification use, fixation vs. fusion preferences, and implant removal practices for UCS fractures (C1, C2 odontoid, and Hangman's fractures). Descriptive statistics were analysed.
resultsMajority were from North America and Europe (54%), orthopedic spine surgeons (87.5%), university-affiliated (88%), and well experienced (> 20 years: 58.3%). For C1 fractures, 79% used the AO UCS classification and 75% relied on MRI to assess transverse atlantal ligament integrity. Fixation ± fusion techniques dominated (C1-2 fusion: 62.5%; occipitocervical fixation: 45.9%), and implant removal was rarely performed (29.2% never, 70.8% only for symptoms). For odontoid fractures, 83.3% surgeons preferred posterior fixation in more than 60% fractures, while anterior odontoid screws were used infrequently (37.5%). 50% never removed implants. For Hangman's fractures, both anterior (41.7%) and posterior fixation/ fusion (45.8%) were equally preferred. In posterior fixations, fusion was added by 75%, while 25% favored only fixation without fusion. Implant removal was rare (16.7%).
conclusionsThis survey reveals that even among experienced surgeons, management strategies for UCS remain diverse. Segmental fixation procedures, particularly C1-C2 and C2-3 constructs, are commonly performed for both C1 and C2 fracture treatment while planned implant removal after fracture healing is rarely implemented. It highlights the need for prospective studies and randomized trials for formulating guidelines and indications for motion-preserving techniques and implant removal.
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