ReviewFrontiers in toxicology2026
Toxic or non-toxic: a critical assessment of the contradictory results for selected graphene family materials.
Review in Frontiers in toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The toxicity of graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene, selected members of graphene family materials (GFMs), has been widely investigated, yet reported biological effects remain highly inconsistent, limiting reliable hazard assessment. Here, we synthesize current evidence to examine how intrinsic material properties and methodological factors contribute to these discrepancies. Published studies were critically evaluated with particular attention to physicochemical characteristics, synthesis and post-processing histories, sonication protocols, and interactions with commonly used
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