ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Otitis media (OM) remains a prevalent and multifactorial inflammatory disease of the middle ear, especially in pediatric populations. The immune system, particularly pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), plays a central role in detecting microbial pathogens and initiating host defenses. TLR2 and TLR4 mediate bacterial clearance but exhibit subtype-specific dysregulation in chronic OM forms. NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 modulate intracellular pathogen sensing and inflammasome activation, while RIG-I governs antiviral immunity. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are emerging as modulators of both innate and adaptive responses, yet their mechanistic roles remain insufficiently explored. Cross-talk among PRRs and immune evasion by microbial biofilms contribute to chronicity and recurrence. Understanding these interactions and age- or genotype-related PRR variations may inform precision immunotherapies. This review summarizes current understanding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), and CLRs in OM pathophysiology. By elucidating the PRR-mediated signaling landscape, this review highlights the intricate PRR-mediated signaling landscape in OM, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets and future translational strategies for improving OM management.
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