ReviewBiological research2026
The role of galectins in modulating the tumor microenvironment and driving metastasis in skin cancers.
Review in Biological research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, are key regulators of tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapy resistance in skin cancers. Among them, Galectin-1, Galectin-3, and Galectin-9 have been most extensively investigated for their multifaceted roles in shaping the tumor microenvironment. These proteins influence cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune cell responses through both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 modulate immune checkpoint pathways and cancer-associated fibroblast activation, whereas Galectin-9 interacts with TIM-3 to induce T-cell exhaustion. Other family members, including Galectin-7 and Galectin-8, display context-dependent functions that may either promote or inhibit tumor development. Recent preclinical and early clinical trials targeting galectins, such as the Gal-3 inhibitors belapectin and GB1211, highlight their translational potential as adjuncts to immunotherapy. This review summarizes current knowledge on galectin expression and function in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, emphasizing their contribution to immune escape and therapeutic resistance, as well as challenges and perspectives for galectin-targeted interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.