ArticleNPJ vaccines2026
Resurgence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in France, 2017-2024: epidemiological, genomic, and immunological insights.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Carriage ofVaccines · 2026Review
- InvasiveDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines have markedly reduced global invasive Hib disease. However, surveillance in France has shown a resurgence of Hib infections in children despite >90% vaccination coverage, coinciding with the shift from a 3 + 1 to a 2 + 1 schedule. All laboratory-confirmed Hib cases reported to the French National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (NRCMHi) between 2017 and 2024 were analysed. Vaccine failure was defined as invasive Hib disease at least 2 weeks after completion of the age-appropriate schedule. Clinical, microbiological, and immunological data were collected, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) IgG levels, and complement deposition assays. Among 1663 invasive H. influenzae cases, 268 (16.1%) were due to Hib, with annual proportions rising from 6.9% in 2017 to 16.8% in 2024. Of 197 cases in children under 5 years, 174 had known vaccination status; 55 (31.6%) met criteria for vaccine failure after completing the 2 + 1 schedule. All isolates were ST-6 clonal complex, without genotype linked to failure. Capsule locus duplication was found in 37% of isolates but unrelated to vaccination status. Acute-phase sera from failure cases showed anti-PRP IgG < 1 µg/mL, with convalescent titres rising above1 µg/mL; complement C3b and C5b-9 deposition correlated with antibody levels. The resurgence of Hib among fully vaccinated children highlights the need to reassess the 2 + 1 schedule and strengthen serological monitoring to sustain herd protection.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.