ReviewClinical pharmacology and therapeutics2026
Extracellular Vesicles as Immunotherapeutic Mediators in Gastrointestinal Cancers and Diseases: From Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.
Review in Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment, yet its efficacy in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and inflammatory diseases remains limited, underscoring the need for more effective immunomodulatory strategies. Multiple biomaterial-based delivery platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, viral vectors, and inorganic nanocarriers, have been employed to enhance immune regulation and therapeutic transport. However, their clinical translation is hindered by intrinsic limitations such as immunogenicity, variable biocompatibility, nonspecific tissue distribution, payload instability, and challenges in scalable and reproducible manufacturing. These constraints highlight the need for safer and more clinically adaptable delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as naturally derived nanoscale carriers, have emerged as promising therapeutic tools due to their unique advantages, such as biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, precise targeting, and multifunctional molecular delivery. This review synthesizes recent advances in EV-based immunotherapeutic strategies for GI cancers and diseases, emphasizing approaches relevant to clinical pharmacology. Key innovations include EV vaccines, modulation of the immune microenvironment using cell source-specific EVs, and engineered EVs for the targeted delivery of cytokines, nucleic acids, or immune checkpoint inhibitors. Emerging applications involving EV-mediated transport of CAR constructs, oncolytic agents, and gene-editing tools further broaden their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, EV-based therapies offer transformative approaches through multimodal immune modulation and precision drug delivery to GI diseases. However, standardization, large-scale manufacturing, targeted delivery, and addressing tumor heterogeneity with personalized EV engineering will be crucial for clinical success in GI diseases. Overcoming these barriers will accelerate EV integration into next-generation immunotherapy and precision oncology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.