ReviewArchives of toxicology2026
The landscape of cocaine cytotoxicity and the role of sigma-1 receptor modulation and adulterant synergism.
Review in Archives of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cocaine remains one of the most widely consumed illicit drugs globally, representing a significant public health challenge. While its acute reinforcing effects are mediated by the facilitation of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, chronic exposure leads to pervasive neurobiological adaptations and systemic toxicity. Beyond its psychoactive properties, cocaine exerts multifaceted cytotoxic effects across several organ systems, including the brain, heart, and liver, primarily through the induction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the activation of apoptotic pathways. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these cellular and molecular mechanisms and introduces novel evidence regarding the toxicological impact of seized cocaine. Original in vitro data demonstrate that the association of cocaine with common adulterants, levamisole, phenacetin, and caffeine, markedly exacerbates cytotoxicity through synergistic interactions. Furthermore, this review examines the pivotal role of the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) in cocaine-induced toxicity, supported by molecular docking analyses that characterize specific interactions between the cocaine, adulterants, and conserved receptor residues. This receptor-mediated framework suggests a central mechanism contributing to the drug's combined toxic and reinforcing properties. Collectively, these findings integrate experimental, computational, and literature-based evidence to offer a broader mechanistic understanding of cocaine-induced toxicity and its modulation by adulterants, providing compelling evidence for the role of σ1R in these cytotoxic processes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.