ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2026
Synthetic DNA vaccine platform elicits potent immunity where electroporated naked-mRNA is non-immunogenic.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Minicircle DNA Vaccines: Overcoming Delivery and Expression Barriers in Next-Generation Immunization.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Synthetic DNA vaccine platform elicits potent immunity where electroporated naked-mRNA is non-immunogenic.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed cancer therapy, yet many patients fail to respond, underscoring the need for complementary strategies. Personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines (NCVs), which stimulate highly specific T-cell responses against tumor-specific mutations, are a promising approach now advancing in clinical development.
methodsWe developed a clinically scalable platform based on high-purity linear hairpin DNA (hpDNA), produced by an entirely cell-free enzymatic method and delivered intramuscularly by electroporation (EP). An M20-hpDNA vaccine, encoding 20 neoantigens from the MC38 tumor model, was benchmarked against a plasmid DNA (pDNA) counterpart and a pseudouridine-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) version delivered by EP. Immune responses were characterized by enzyme-linked immunospot, flow cytometry, bulk RNA sequencing, and single-cell RNA/T-cell receptor sequencing. Antitumor activity was assessed in prophylactic, therapeutic, and metastatic mouse models.
resultshpDNA and pDNA vaccines elicited robust and comparable CD8
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that hpDNA delivered by EP is a versatile, potent, and clinically scalable platform for personalized NCVs. Under the delivery conditions tested here, EP-delivered, non-formulated mRNA did not elicit detectable antigen-specific T-cell responses, whereas hpDNA induces productive inflammation and durable T-cell memory. These results highlight the importance of delivery context in shaping vaccine immunogenicity and support further development of hpDNA as a safe and competitive strategy for individualized cancer immunotherapy. Importantly, our data do not challenge the well-established immunogenicity and clinical activity of formulated mRNA vaccines (eg, mRNA-lipid nanoparticle) in infectious disease and cancer settings.
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