ArticleBMJ open2026
Association of structural factors with provision of non-English language services in substance use disorder treatment facilities in the USA: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe substance use disorder (SUD) crisis continues to be a public health challenge in the USA, disproportionately affecting culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations. Understanding how structural factors contribute to providing linguistically competent SUD treatment can guide efforts to incorporate treatment provisions tailored to the specific needs of diverse CALD communities. This study examines the association of structural factors, namely ownership type and receipt of government funding, with facility-level provision of SUD treatment in non-English languages in the USA.
designA cross-sectional study using deidentified facility-level data from the 2019 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) dataset.
settingSUD treatment facilities from all 50 US states and the District of Columbia.
participantsOf 15 961 facilities in the 2019 N-SSATS dataset, 14 993 were selected for inclusion in our study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was a binary indicator of the provision of SUD treatment services in languages other than English. To assess the association between structural factors and the provision of SUD treatment services in non-English languages, we ran generalised linear mixed models, controlling for state- and facility-level variables, to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs).
resultsOf 14 993 SUD treatment facilities nationally, 7864 (52.45%) offered non-English language SUD treatment services. Private for-profit facilities had significantly lower odds of offering non-English language services than private non-profit facilities (aOR=0.59; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.65). Facilities that received government funding had significantly higher adjusted odds of providing non-English language services compared to those that did not (aOR=1.45; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.59). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Structural factors, including ownership type and government funding, were associated with the provision of SUD treatment services in non-English languages. Our findings highlight the potential role of these structural factors in shaping the capacity to provide services in non-English languages in SUD care settings. Future research is needed to better understand how changes in funding mechanisms or ownership type may facilitate the provision of non-English-language treatment services across SUD facilities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.