ArticleBMJ open2026
Strategies to increase HPV vaccination among unvaccinated college students in the USA: a concept mapping study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe goal of this study was to identify strategies and assess priorities to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among unvaccinated young adults using a concept mapping approach.
designThe concept mapping process was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, eligible participants generated qualitative statements in response to a topic prompt. In phase 2, participants organised and grouped the statements by perceived similarity, and then rated each statement on a scale of perceived effectiveness. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were conducted to develop a conceptual map of the data.
settingThis study was conducted at a university in the southwestern USA.
participantsEligibility criteria for participation included individuals (1) aged 18-26, (2) who had not received any dose of the HPV vaccine or were unsure if they had received the vaccine and (3) who were enrolled students at the study site institution. 24 participants engaged in the concept mapping process; five participated in phase 1 only, five participated in phase 2 only and 14 participated in both phases.
resultsThe 41 statements generated were organised into five cluster concepts: media and messaging, information and education, promotion, legal and accessibility. Accessibility was the highest-rated cluster for effectiveness followed by information and education. Exploratory trends across participant demographics were also identified. Differences in perceived effectiveness of the cluster concepts were observed by gender, race, political affiliation and vaccination status.
conclusionThis study provides valuable preliminary insights into strategies and factors perceived influential in enhancing HPV vaccination from the perspective of unvaccinated young adults. Using concept mapping, multiple factors were identified that varied in their degree of perceived effectiveness across different groups. Future HPV vaccination interventions should consider multi-component elements to ensure their success and reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.
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