Accurate proteome-wide prediction of enzymes and catalytic sites using graph deep learning and protein language model.

Identifying the enzyme functions of proteins and their catalytic residues is vital to our understanding of diverse cellular processes. However, existing frameworks that can concurrently determine the enzymatic functions and active sites of proteins are scarce, and still have much room for improvement in prediction performance. In this study, we present EC-LMGraph, a protein language model- and graph convolutional network-based framework to predict enzyme commission (EC) numbers from protein sequence features and structures, and saliency mapping to score representative residues attribute to the enzymatic functions. EC-LMGraph attained an average F1 score of 0.77 in 3rd-level EC number prediction, and 0.76 in 4th-level prediction, outperforming numerous other algorithms that were either sequence-based only, or additionally incorporated structural information. Benchmarking on the Mechanism and Catalytic Site Atlas dataset and a set of Parkinson's disease-related proteins, we showed that EC-LMGraph showed a stronger emphasis on catalytic sites than the current state-of-the-art algorithm DeepFRI. Combining EC-LMGraph with AlphaFold2, our framework correctly determined the 3rd-level EC numbers of 229,160 proteins based purely on their predicted structures. We show that EC-LMGraph is capable of accurately predicting the 3rd/4th-level EC numbers, and pinpointing the key amino acid residues for many enzymes. EC-LMGraph is implemented and freely available at https://github.com/ngyuilun/EC-LMGraph.