ReviewApplied and environmental microbiology2026
Paddycrusts: interfacial bioregulators of heavy metal transport and speciation.
Review in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in paddy soils poses persistent challenges to food safety and sustainable agriculture. Paddy crusts (PCs) are dynamic interfacial biocomplexes that function as biogeochemical regulators of metal transport and speciation. This review aims to (i) summarize PC formation and community assembly, (ii) synthesize mechanistic processes governing metal interception, immobilization, and transformation, and (iii) evaluate evidence for PC-based remediation from laboratory systems to field trials. This review presents an integrated mechanistic framework built upon three interconnected processes: physical barrier and interception at the interface; adsorption and immobilization primarily mediated by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial surfaces, alongside biomineralization; and redox-regulated biotransformation driving speciation shifts. We then summarize remediation performance and limitations across experimental scales, from controlled systems to field trials. The evidence underscores a generally favorable role of PCs in cadmium (Cd) immobilization and rice risk reduction. In contrast, outcomes for arsenic (As) are more variable and context-dependent. Under carbon-rich and reducing microconditions, PCs may promote Fe(III) reduction together with As(V) reduction and/or methylation, increasing As(III) and/or methylated species (e.g., DMA) in pore and surface waters. Finally, we outline future research directions, emphasizing cross-scale mechanistic understanding, synthetic community design, lifecycle risk management, and climate-smart agronomic integration. We conclude that predictable PC-based remediation requires element-specific risk screening, lifecycle management of crust maturity and senescence, and agronomic integration guided by functional indicators (EPS traits, Fe/Mn dynamics, and gene markers). These advancements are crucial to developing predictable and scalable PC-based remediation strategies for paddy ecosystems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.