ArticleBiotechnology journal2026
Establishment and Comparison of High-Throughput Immunoassays for Quantifying Clostridioides difficile Infection Biomarkers.
Article in Biotechnology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea, most often occurring after antibiotic exposure. In this study, we established three immunoassays: indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sandwich ELISA, and fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA), using antibodies specific to the major virulence factors, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Indirect ELISA demonstrated high specificity with an overall assay time within 21 h, achieving sensitive detection of both toxins. Although more time- and resource-intensive (22 h), sandwich ELISA is advantageous for applications where pre-coated plates or ready-to-use membranes can reduce assay time. FLISA, using optimized fluorescent dye-conjugated antibodies, offered the most rapid workflow and simplest preparation, with potential for multiplex detection, though its sensitivity was lower than that of ELISA. All three assays were implemented in a 96-well plate format, which supported parallel sample processing, reduced turnaround times, and offered scalability for high-throughput applications. Depending on assay requirements, such as analytical sensitivity, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness, these methods provide complementary approaches for the detection of TcdA and TcdB.
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