ReviewBiomolecules & biomedicine2026
Dental management of oral adverse effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review.
Review in Biomolecules & biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), has significantly advanced the field of oncology. However, these therapies are associated with immune-related adverse events that can affect various tissues, including the oral cavity. This narrative review consolidates current evidence regarding the immunopathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and dental management of immunotherapy-related oral adverse effects. Relevant literature was identified through structured searches of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Oral manifestations of immunotherapy include xerostomia resulting from salivary gland dysfunction, oral lichenoid reactions, mucositis-like lesions, dysgeusia, dysphagia, periodontal inflammation, and, less commonly, autoimmune blistering disorders. These immune-mediated conditions are heterogeneous and may arise unpredictably during or after treatment. Accurate differential diagnosis is crucial, as these oral findings can mimic other therapy-related or infectious conditions. Management primarily focuses on supportive care and immunomodulatory approaches, including topical corticosteroids, saliva substitutes, and antimicrobial therapy when necessary, with systemic treatment reserved for severe cases. Early recognition and interdisciplinary collaboration are vital to minimize complications and ensure continuity of oncologic treatment. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and enhance management strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.