ArticleFrontiers in ophthalmology2026
Retinal vascular occlusions during COVID-19: an epidemiological survey.
Article in Frontiers in ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with changes in the incidence of retinal vascular occlusions. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study at the Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital (Lausanne). All new diagnoses of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020 were included. Regional COVID-19 case counts were obtained from public health records. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) comparing 2019 cases versus 2020 were calculated using official population data. Pearson correlation was used to explore temporal associations between monthly COVID-19 cases and retinal vascular events. The study period largely reflects natural infection exposure, as COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland began on December 23, 2020. Results: In 2019, 66 retinal vein occlusions (38 CRVO, 28 BRVO) and 20 arterial occlusions (9 CRAO, 11 BRAO) were recorded. In 2020, 49 retinal vein occlusions (34 CRVO, 15 BRVO) and 21 arterial occlusions (14 CRAO, 7 BRAO) were recorded. The IRR for 2020 versus 2019 was 0.73 for vein occlusions (95% CI 0.51-1.05; Conclusions: In this regional study, we did not observe an increase in retinal vascular occlusive events during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. While biologically plausible mechanisms have been proposed, these population-level trends do not support a strong association.
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