ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Virus-driven remodeling of the immune microenvironment and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: the infection- immunity-cancer crosstalk.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunological Determinants of Oncogenic Virus-Driven Cancers in Africa: Mechanisms, Co-Infections and Public Health Challenges.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in infectious diseases: therapeutic reinvigoration, immunopathology, and precision targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic, preventive, and pathogenetic advances in viral hepatitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of diverse solid tumors; however, concurrent viral infections significantly influence their efficacy and safety profiles. By driving persistent antigen exposure, inducing T cell exhaustion, and remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), viruses extensively reconfigure tumor immune landscapes, leading to marked heterogeneity in responses to immunotherapy. Emerging evidence indicates that patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) who receive ICIs therapy may not only regain antitumor immune function, but in some cases may also be associated with virological responses, immunological changes suggestive of improved viral control. However, the risk of viral reactivation remains a concern, particularly in the context of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) requiring immunosuppressive treatment. This review systematically summarizes the current clinical application of ICIs across different viral infection backgrounds and highlights recent advances in the underlying immunological mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose the potential value of virus-specific immune profiling in guiding individualized treatment strategies and emphasize the need to optimize the integration of ICIs and antiviral therapies from the perspective of systemic immune reprogramming.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.