ArticleJournal of mid-life health
Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Risk Factors for Breast Cancer among Indian Women.
Article in Journal of mid-life health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among Indian women due to change in life style, reproductive patterns and rapid urbanization. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for case control studies published between January 2010 and April 2025. Data were extracted from 19 studies. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) ,heterogeneity was assessed with I² statistics, while publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Sociodemographic risks included unmarried status (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.09-3.54) and late age at marriage > 21 years (OR= 2.66; 95% CI: 1.90-3.73). Family history of breast cancer doubled the risk (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.73-3.18), and past benign breast disease showed a strong association (OR=4.28; 95% CI: 2.50-7.35). Central obesity (WHR > 0.85) significantly increased risk (OR=2.74; 95% CI: 1.85-4.07), although BMI > 25 kg/m² alone was not significant. Lifestyle factors such as non-vegetarian diet (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.19-2.21), tobacco use (OR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.24-2.24), and high-fat diet (OR=4.20; 95% CI: 2.76-6.42) demonstrated strong associations. Reproductive risk factors-including early menarche (OR =1.95), late menopause (OR=1.92), OCP use (OR=2.01), low parity (OR=1.52), previous abortions (OR=2.48), and breastfeeding <6 months (OR= 4.12)-were all significantly linked to higher risk. Several subgroups exhibited notable heterogeneity and occasional publication bias. Conclusion: Modifiable risks present critical opportunities for prevention.Women with non-modifiable factors warrant targeted screening and risk stratification.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.