Development and Validation of a Low-Cost Simulation Tool for Practical Training in Diagnostic Bronchoscopy for Otolaryngology Postgraduates.

Objectives The objectives of this study are to develop and validate a low-cost, low-fidelity simulation model for diagnostic bronchoscopy training among otolaryngology postgraduates (PGs) and to assess realism, educational utility, and learner confidence. Methods We constructed a simulation model replicating pediatric airway anatomy using locally available materials (INR 1,000). Twenty-six otolaryngology residents participated in structured simulation sessions. Face, content, curriculum, and transfer validity were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale survey. Statistical analysis employed the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results  The participants reported high validity scores across all domains (median ≥ 4), with significant post-training confidence improvement (p < 0.001). No difference in scores existed between residents from different training years across validity domains (p > 0.05). Conclusion This low-cost bronchoscopy simulator effectively improves procedural confidence and aligns with curricular needs. It provides a practical and scalable training solution for resource-limited settings and early-stage residency programs.