Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42124687›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments.

Marina M Watowich, Rachel M Petersen, Layla Brassington, Audrey M Arner, Grace Rodenberg, Tan Bee Ting A/P Tan Boon Huat, Kar Lye Tam, Em Schellenberg, Izandis Bin Mohd Sayed, Echwa John and 12 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Marina M WatowichDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.ORCID 0000-0003-4144-4225
Rachel M PetersenDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.
Layla BrassingtonDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.
Audrey M ArnerDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.
Grace RodenbergDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.
Tan Bee Ting A/P Tan Boon HuatDepartment of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 50603.
Kar Lye TamDepartment of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 50603.
Em SchellenbergDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Izandis Bin Mohd SayedHospital Orang Asli, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Echwa JohnTurkana Health and Genomics Project, Centre for Community Driven Research - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya 54840-00200.
John C KahumbuTurkana Health and Genomics Project, Centre for Community Driven Research - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya 54840-00200.
Benjamin MuhoyaTurkana Health and Genomics Project, Centre for Community Driven Research - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya 54840-00200.
Michael GurvenDepartment of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA 93106.
Benjamin C TrumbleCenter for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA 85281.
Sospeter Ngoci NjeruTurkana Health and Genomics Project, Centre for Community Driven Research - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya 54840-00200.
Dino MartinsDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Julien F AyrolesDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
Yvonne A L LimDepartment of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 50603.
Vivek V VenkataramanDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Ian J WallaceDepartment of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Thomas S KraftDepartment of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Amanda J LeaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.ORCID 0000-0002-8827-2750

Funding

Early life environmental effects: molecular mechanisms and inter-individual variationR35GM147267 · NIGMS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI Amanda Lea · 2022 to 2026
$2.0M
Vanderbilt Hypertension and Blood Pressure Regulation ProgramT32HL144446 · NHLBI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI HARRISON, DAVID G · 2019 to 2023
$1.7M
Computational Evolutionary Approaches to DiseaseT32GM150407 · NIGMS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI Antonis Rokas · 2025 to 2026
$433k
Exploring the consequences of differential immune investment on molecular aging phenotypes in subsistence-level populationsF32AG090007 · NIA · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI WATOWICH, MARINA · 2024 to 2025
$161k
NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL144446NIA NIH HHS F32 AG090007NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM147267NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM150407
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) isoform directly alters cholesterol and immune biology and is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized settings; nevertheless, APOE ε4-which is ancestral in humans-has persisted over evolutionary time. One potential explanation is that the costs and benefits of APOE ε4 were significantly different in the environments in which humans evolved compared to those we experience today. In support, previous work has suggested that living in a high pathogen environment, engaging in high levels of physical activity, or eating a low fat diet can dampen the detrimental effects of APOE ε4, and has revealed positive effects for fertility. However, direct tests of whether APOE isoforms are associated with different biological outcomes in non-industrial versus industrialized contexts are lacking. Working with the Turkana of Kenya and the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia-two Indigenous groups in which individuals of shared ancestry span a continuum of subsistence, non-industrial to urban, industrialized lifestyles-we investigated how

Identifiers

PMID42124687
PMCPMC13160025

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.