Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42124222›Full record

ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Mechanical and Bond Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Incorporating Natural and Recycled Diatoms.

Carlos Parra, Isabel Miñano Belmonte, Mariano Calabuig Soler, Francisco Benito, Carlos Rodriguez, Víctor Martinez Pacheco, José María Mateo, Elvira Carrión, Pilar Hidalgo Torrano

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Carlos ParraArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-2063-4604
Isabel Miñano BelmonteArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-8863-8759
Mariano Calabuig SolerArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.
Francisco BenitoArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.
Carlos RodriguezDepartment of Sustainable Construction, Centro Tecnológico de la Construcción, 30500 Molina de Segura, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-9932-9679
Víctor Martinez PachecoResearch and Development Department, Cementos La Cruz, 30640 Abanilla, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-0319-3878
José María MateoArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.ORCID 0009-0008-7948-8059
Elvira CarriónArchitecture and Building Technology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Member of European University of Technology), 30201 Murcia, Spain.
Pilar Hidalgo TorranoResearch and Development Department, Cementos La Cruz, 30640 Abanilla, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-7581-7117

Funding

COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE LA REGIÓN DE MURCIA (CARM) 2I20SAE00085
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alkali-activated concrete can reduce reliance on Portland cement by valorizing industrial by-products. This study evaluates slag-based alkali-activated concretes incorporating natural diatomaceous earth (M2, M3) and residual diatomaceous earth from industrial filtration (V6-V7), benchmarked against an OPC reference. The experimental program measures compressive, tensile and flexural strengths and elastic modulus, and examines steel-concrete bond behavior through bond stress-slip response at multiple slip levels. Member-level performance is assessed using reinforced beams tested under four-point bending, and cracking is compared in the constant-moment region using crack number and average spacing derived from post-test observations. Results show that diatom-based alkali-activated mixtures can achieve mechanical performance comparable to OPC concrete, with clear dependence on diatom source and mixture design. Bond response is markedly mixture-dependent and cannot be inferred from compressive strength alone. All beams exhibited flexural behavior suitable for structural applications, with the RV6 mixture providing the most favorable overall response among the tested members. These findings support the feasibility of residual diatomaceous earth as a viable component in structural alkali-activated concretes.

Indexed as

alkali-activated concretealkali-activated slagbond strengthdiatomaceous earthflexural behaviourpull-out testrecycled diatoms

Identifiers

PMID42124222
PMCPMC13164973

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.