Multielement Analysis of Selected Superfood Seeds and Grains Using ICP-OES: Sources of Essential and Toxic Elements.

The term 'superfoods' refers to a rapidly expanding group of food products that have gained increasing global interest due to their high nutritional value and association with health-oriented dietary patterns. Many superfoods, particularly grains and seeds, are rich sources of essential minerals, plant protein, dietary fibre, and bioactive compounds, making them valuable components of gluten-free, vegetarian, and vegan diets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the elemental composition of selected superfood grains and seeds and to verify the reliability of manufacturers' declarations. The analyses confirmed that the investigated samples possess a rich macro- and trace elemental composition, with pronounced differences among product groups. Based on median concentrations, pumpkin and hemp seeds were characterized by generally high levels of Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, and Zn, whereas chia seeds exhibited notably elevated Ca content. In contrast, quinoa and amaranth showed comparatively lower elemental concentrations. Most of the results obtained for the analysed products are within the permissible deviation from the value declared on the packaging, as specified in the relevant EU regulations. The presence of potentially toxic elements, including Al, Pb, and Cd, was also detected. Cadmium accumulation was of particular concern in flax seeds, where all samples exceeded the limit of quantification and approached permissible levels. Principal component analysis revealed clear clustering patterns, indicating similarities between amaranth and quinoa, as well as between hemp and pumpkin seeds, while chia and flax seeds formed distinct groups. These results highlight both the nutritional potential of superfoods and the necessity for independent verification of their elemental composition.