Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Physiotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Directions-A Narrative Literature Review.

Dry eye disease, a multifactorial and symptomatic disease characterized by tear film instability and ocular surface dysfunction, has emerged as an increasingly pressing global health concern-particularly against the backdrop of increasing digital device usage and the widespread application of virtual learning. Traditional pharmacotherapies, such as artificial tears, yield only transient symptomatic relief. Compared with pharmacological agents, surgical treatments are further restricted in clinical application, primarily because of their invasiveness, technical complexity, postoperative complications, and high costs. Consequently, the development of novel therapeutic strategies has emerged as imperative. This review summarizes advances in pharmacotherapy, including nanomedicine and biological agents, as well as emerging physiotherapies, such as photobiomodulation, thermal pulsation, and neurostimulation. These innovative therapeutic approaches address the partial limitations of conventional treatments through three main molecular mechanisms: improved drug delivery, multitargeted pharmacology, and enhanced biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of many innovative therapies requires large-scale clinical trials to validate clinical efficacy, optimize dosage regimens, and assess long-term safety profiles. In the future, integrating lifestyle modifications, effective clinician-patient communication, and patient-centric diagnostic approaches will facilitate the establishment of therapeutic alliances and support the success of precision medicine.