ArticlePolymers2026
Numerical Investigation of Die Swell Behavior in EPDM Rubber Extrusion: Effects of Compound Formulation and Processing Conditions.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Die swell is the dominant source of dimensional deviation in rubber profile extrusion. Because it is driven by recoverable elastic strain, a purely viscous baseline flow field cannot reproduce its speed dependence; a viscoelastic correction is required. This study presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first controlled comparison of a Carreau-Arrhenius baseline flow field against a fractional-order viscoelastic correction for carbon-black-filled EPDM across an industrial speed window. The viscoelastic correction (PyCFD-FMM) is a post-processing fractional-order viscoelastic swell correction built on the shared non-isothermal Polyflow Carreau-Arrhenius flow field, derived from a six-mode fractional Maxwell model parameterized from dynamic mechanical analysis via the Laun rule and closed through the Tanner recoverable-strain theory. Three carbon-black-filled EPDM compounds (Shore A 60-80) were extruded at four screw speeds (15-30 rpm) under instrumented conditions. Experimentally, swell ratios of 1.12-1.15 increase monotonically with screw speed (Fisher-combined p=0.007; measurement repeatability CV ≤0.27% across n=4 replicates per condition). The purely viscous baseline output gives a decreasing apparent swell-speed trend-opposite to experiment-whereas PyCFD-FMM recovers the correct increasing trend for all compounds. Under single-anchor hold-out evaluation at 20/25/30 rpm, the non-anchor MAPE decreases from 0.99% for the baseline flow-field output to 0.30% (PyCFD-FMM); an anchor-sensitivity check over all four rpm choices keeps the compound-averaged non-anchor MAPE within 0.27-0.39% and preserves the correct slope sign in every case. Swell decomposition into geometric baseline and net correction factor (BPyCFD=Bgeom×fcorr) confirms that the viscous baseline flow field captures flow-geometry effects but carries no elastic memory. Within the tested window, the viscoelastic correction meets a dual-gate criterion-correct slope sign and reduced non-anchor MAPE-which the purely viscous baseline cannot satisfy by construction.
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