ArticlePolymers2026
Citric Acid-Treated PEDOT:PSS with Optimized Interfacial Energetics for Phosphorescent OLEDs Achieving over 20% EQE and Extended Lifetime.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The hole injection layer (HIL) plays a critical role in achieving high efficiency and operational stability in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). As a commonly used HIL, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is limited by its intrinsically low electrical conductivity and mismatched work function alignment with the hole transport layer (HTL), leading to inefficient hole injection and carrier imbalance. In this work, a mild citric acid (CA) treatment is used to simultaneously enhance the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS through the partial removal of insulating PSS and tune its work function for improved energy level alignment at the anode interface. This simultaneous optimization effectively enhances the hole transport capability, successfully matching the electron transport capability to realize highly improved charge carrier balance within the device. Consequently, Ir(ppy)
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