ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Time Synchronization Attack Detection Method Based on Carrier Doppler Pearson Correlation Coefficient Estimation.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), the main time synchronization method for phasor measurement units (PMUs) in smart grids, is highly vulnerable to time synchronization attacks (TSAs). This affects the timing of results and poses a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of power systems. To quickly detect TSAs and minimize the impact of time errors on PMU sensor networks, a TSA detection method based on carrier Doppler Pearson correlation coefficient estimation is proposed. This method can be directly implemented on existing commercial receivers without modifications. The method leverages the fact that carrier Doppler shifts in each satellite channel exhibit consistent changes when subjected to a TSA; therefore, if there is a correlation between channels, a consistent change in carrier Doppler shift caused by the TSA can be quickly detected through Pearson correlation coefficient estimation. In the TSA detection experiment, the proposed method was compared against four existing TSA detection methods on a self-developed experimental platform. The experimental results show that compared with the other four methods, the proposed method responds 4-22 s faster and has better detection speed, with more significant changes in the detection statistics. Notably, these advantages become more pronounced as the spoofing speed decreases and the spoofing stealthiness increases, indicating that this method has robust detection capability against sophisticated attacks. Meanwhile, it offers a lightweight computational overhead suitable for embedded PMU implementations, enhancing sensor-layer security in critical infrastructure. This work provides reliable synchronized measurements for power system monitoring and control over a wide area.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.