ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Three-Dimensional LiDAR Observability Framework for Pedestrian Representation: Sensor Placement and Multi-View Fusion on a Compact Autonomous Vehicle.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Reliable pedestrian perception in autonomous driving depends not only on detecting the target, but also on how completely and consistently its three-dimensional geometry is captured from different sensor viewpoints. This study presents a LiDAR-based observability framework for evaluating pedestrian representation on the ANTA compact autonomous vehicle platform using a roof-mounted Top LiDAR (TL), a Front-Right LiDAR (FRL), and their fused configuration. The pedestrian was analyzed in a canonical local frame using geometric extent ratios, projected surface occupancy, voxel-based volumetric occupancy, and statistical descriptors of the local point distribution, integrated into a global observability score, S3D. A Distance-Robustness Index (DRI), an overlap-based complementarity analysis, and a lightweight temporal centroid-sensitivity check over 20 consecutive frames were used to characterize performance across distance. Using ROS 2 bag data processed offline in MATLAB R2025b the fused configuration achieved the highest mean global score (0.563), compared with 0.504 for FRL and 0.432 for TL, and the highest robustness (DRI=0.5628, CV=10.7%). The results show that 1 m maximizes local density, 2-3 m maximize projected and volumetric completeness, and 7 m provides the best balanced observability. Within the evaluated platform and under the controlled benchmark conditions, complementary multi-LiDAR fusion provided the strongest overall geometry-aware pedestrian representation.
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