ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Development and Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel Screening Tool for Early Detection of Pediatric Visual Impairment in Indonesian School-Aged Children.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesUncorrected refractive errors (UREs) are a primary cause of preventable visual impairment in children globally, impacting education and quality of life. In Jakarta, prevalence has surged to 40% post-pandemic, categorizing it as a serious public health problem. This study aimed to develop and validate the CIPSEL questionnaire as a rapid, culturally adapted screening tool for identifying visual impairment consistent with possible UREs among Indonesian school-aged children.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in South Jakarta with 131 students aged 8-12 years. The 10-item CIPSEL questionnaire, exploring visual behaviors and symptoms, was administered via face-to-face interviews. Visual acuity was assessed using a standard Snellen chart by medical personnel blinded to the questionnaire results. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with optimal thresholds determined via the Youden Index and the shortest distance to (0, 1).
resultsVisual impairment was identified in 26 students (19.8%). Mean CIPSEL scores were significantly higher in students with visual impairment (4.73) compared to those with normal vision (1.95). ROC analysis showed considerable diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.887 (95% CI: 0.829-0.946). A safety-first cutoff of 2.5 prioritized sensitivity (96.2%), while a balanced cutoff of 3.5 provided 80.8% sensitivity and 79.0% specificity. A tiered risk system (Low, Medium, and High) demonstrated a robust statistical association with actual clinical findings (Cramer's V = 0.534,
conclusionsCIPSEL is a reliable and scalable screening tool for the early detection of visual impairment in Indonesian children. Its tiered risk stratification framework facilitates nuanced clinical decision-making and efficient resource allocation in school-based settings. Its accessibility for non-medical personnel and potential for digital integration support national efforts toward universal eye health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.