Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42121626›Full record

ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Determinants of HIV Testing Uptake Among People Who Use New Psychoactive Substances in Kazakhstan: A Multi-Regional Cross-Sectional Study.

Roza Kuanyshbekova, Venera Baisugurova, Gulzar Shah, Bushra Shah, Gulshara Aimbetova, Manshuk Ramazanova, Indira Karibayeva, Nargiza Yussupova, Botagoz Turdaliyeva

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Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Roza KuanyshbekovaDepartment of Science, Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty 050002, Kazakhstan.
Venera BaisugurovaDepartment of Biostatistics and Foundations of Scientific Research, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
Gulzar ShahDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0954-3418
Bushra ShahDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6282-1010
Gulshara AimbetovaDepartment of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
Manshuk RamazanovaDepartment of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
Indira KaribayevaDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1796-2604
Nargiza YussupovaDepartment of Science, Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty 050002, Kazakhstan.
Botagoz TurdaliyevaDepartment of Science, Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty 050002, Kazakhstan.

Funding

Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan 228/GF24-26
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNew psychoactive substances (NPS) represent an evolving component of global substance use patterns and may contribute to HIV transmission through both injection-related and sexual risk behaviors. In Kazakhstan, where HIV incidence has increasingly shifted toward sexual transmission, evidence on HIV testing among NPS users remains limited. This study examined behavioral, social, and structural factors associated with HIV testing in this population.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 1500 adults reporting NPS use across six regions of Kazakhstan. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The primary outcome was self-reported HIV testing (ever tested: yes/no). Independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, substance use behaviors, sexual practices, peer communication about HIV, and structural access to prevention services. Univariable logistic regression with Bonferroni correction (

resultsOverall, 86.7% of participants reported prior lifetime HIV testing. In the multivariable model (

conclusionsLifetime HIV testing uptake among NPS users in Kazakhstan is high but influenced by educational attainment, peer communication, injection practices, and engagement with prevention services. Strengthening integration of prevention services and expanding peer-based outreach may improve equitable access to HIV testing in this population.

Indexed as

HIV preventionHIV testingKazakhstannew psychoactive substancespeople who use drugspsychostimulant injectionstructural determinants

Identifiers

PMID42121626
PMCPMC13163755

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