A novel hybrid approach for microbial detection using deep ensemble learning.

Microbes play a vital role in healthcare, clinical microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental health, making their accurate detection and classification essential in these fields. The accurate detection of bacteria enables investigators to distinguish various organisms and group them according to requirements of the relevant individuals. The recent advancements in deep learning-enabled models have enhanced image-based microbial analysis with higher accuracy as well as efficiency. In this study, we expound a hybrid ensemble model i.e. DeepBACT, which coalesce three fine-tuned pre-trained models such as VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3 to capture highly discriminative features from microbial images for accurate detection. Our approach is efficient in terms training overhead mainly due to the concept of transfer learning-based hybrid ensemble. The proposed approach employs principal component analysis (PCA)for feature selection and efficient classification via support vector machine (SVM). The approach is trained and tested on a self- created novel dataset i.e. Bacterial Images (BACTI) that contains 320 samples of four types of bacterial images i.e. Priestia aryabhattai strain D5, Bacillus cereus strain NTFB22, Bacillus thuringiensis strain NTFB5, and Bacillus cereus strain NTFB9. The approach is evaluated using a randomized train-test split along with the 5-cross validation that demonstrates efficacy of DeepBACT with an F1-score of 97% and accuracy of 98.61%. The experimental results clearly shows that our method outperforms similar state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy as well as efficiency. The proposed approach is effective in classifying the unseen samples of microbe images with promising performance and suitable for real-time deployment.