ArticleScientific reports2026
Retinal microvasculature changes in long-term consumption of hydroxychloroquine.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To evaluate retinal microvascular and structural changes in patients undergoing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients without clinical retinopathy. This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled both eyes of 59 age-matched control cases (Group 1) with 118 eyes from 59 HCQ-treated patients (27 with < 60 months of treatment [Group 2], 32 with ≥ 60 months [Group 3]) at Farabi Hospital (2020-2022). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, including spectral-domain OCTA (Optovue RTVue XR Avanti). The inner, mid- and outer retinal layer thicknesses (IRT, MRT, ORT) and superficial, deep retinal vascular densities and choroidal vascular densities (SVD, DVD, CVD) were analyzed using ETDRS grids. We employed generalized estimating equations with a Bonferroni correction to compare groups. The Group 3 (≥ 60-month consumption of HCQ) demonstrated significant reductions in foveal inner retinal thickness (IRT) (43.25 ± 7.07 vs. 48.84 ± 8.71 μm, p = 0.002) and parafoveal outer retinal thickness (ORT) (146.14 ± 6.77 vs. 151.8 ± 9.94 μm, p = 0.002) compared to controls. OCTA analysis showed that foveal DVD and CVD were lower in Group 3 compared with Group 1, whereas parafoveal DVD was increased in Group 3. Moreover, Group 2 cases indicated choroidal changes compared with the control group. Duration and cumulative dose of HCQ consumption negatively correlated with foveal SVD and IRT, alongside a positive correlation with parafoveal DVD and FAZ. GEE regression revealed that longer treatment duration and higher cumulative dose were independently associated with reduced foveal IRT (β=-0.002, p = 0.03; β=-0.013, p = 0.046), reduced foveal SVD (β=-0.002, p = 0.003; β=-0.014, p = 0.006), and an enlarged FAZ area (β = 0.161, p = 0.039). OCTA suggests possible progressive retinal microvascular attenuation in HCQ therapy, with alterations observed after 60 months of treatment despite normal functional testing. Parafoveal DVD seems to be a key feature, underscoring the potential for OCTA's utility in monitoring HCQ retinopathy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.