Trial reportPloS one2026
Oral carbohydrate sensing enhances prefrontal cortex oxygenation, reduces perceived exertion, and improves high-intensity cycling performance: A randomized crossover trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07099807 (Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Enhances Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation and Cognitive Performance, Reducing Perceived Exertion During High-Intensity Exercise), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Enhances Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation and Cognitive Performance, Reducing Perceived Exertion During High-Intensity Exercise
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCarbohydrate mouth rinsing (CHO-MR) and music listening (MUS) are non-metabolic interventions proposed to attenuate cognitive and perceptual fatigue during exercise. However, their comparative effects on prefrontal cortical oxygenation, executive function, and perceived exertion during high-intensity endurance performance remain unclear. This study examined the effects of CHO-MR and MUS on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) oxygenation, cognitive performance, perceived exertion, and cycling performance during a 4-km time trial (TT).
methodsEleven trained cyclists (7 men, 4 women) completed a randomized, single-blind, crossover trial under three conditions: CHO-MR, MUS (120 beats/min), and placebo mouth rinse (PLA). Bilateral DLPFC oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy at rest, during Stroop testing, post-intervention, and post-TT. Stroop performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE); every 500 m, completion time, power output, heart rate, and blood lactate were measured. Outcomes were analyzed using generalized estimating equations adjusted for period, sequence, and first-order carryover effects with robust standard errors.
resultsCHO-MR increased bilateral DLPFC oxygenation compared with MUS and PLA at post-intervention and post-TT time points (p < 0.05), with no differences at rest or baseline. Stroop performance was superior in CHO-MR relative to MUS and PLA following the TT (p < 0.001), without between-condition differences at earlier assessments. RPE was lower in CHO-MR than PLA across all intervals (p ≤ 0.01) and lower than MUS at mid-trial distances (p < 0.05). CHO-MR resulted in faster completion times, greater mean power output, and higher mean speed compared with MUS and/or PLA (p < 0.05), whereas peak power, heart rate, and blood lactate did not differ among conditions. Pooled change-score analyses demonstrated positive associations between bilateral ΔDLPFC oxygenation (p < 0.001) and between ΔDLPFC oxygenation and ΔStroop performance (p < 0.05).
conclusionCHO-MR enhances bilateral DLPFC oxygenation, preserves executive function, and reduces perceived exertion during high-intensity endurance exercise, translating into improved performance without detectable peripheral metabolic alterations. These findings support a central neurocognitive mechanism underlying the ergogenic effects of oral carbohydrate sensing.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT07099807.
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